甲骨文是什么甲骨文是什麼What oracle-bone script is
这一页讲三件事:甲骨文是什么,甲骨探源的字形从哪里来,以及每个字上那个“广泛接受/较可能/学界有争议”的标记该怎么读。
這一頁講三件事:甲骨文是什麼,甲骨探源的字形從哪裡來,以及每個字上那個「廣泛接受/較可能/學界有爭議」的標記該怎麼讀。
Three things on this page: what oracle-bone script is, where the forms in OracleQuest come from, and how to read the badge — widely accepted, probable, debated — that sits on every character.
刻在龟甲和牛骨上的问题刻在龜甲和牛骨上的問題Questions cut into shell and bone
甲骨文是目前所见成批出土、可以连读的最早汉字,出自商代后期的王都殷(今河南安阳小屯一带),大致相当于公元前十三世纪到前十一世纪。它写在两种材料上:龟的腹甲,和牛的肩胛骨。
甲骨文是目前所見成批出土、可以連讀的最早漢字,出自商代後期的王都殷(今河南安陽小屯一帶),大致相當於公元前十三世紀到前十一世紀。它寫在兩種材料上:龜的腹甲,和牛的肩胛骨。
Oracle-bone script is the earliest body of Chinese writing that survives in quantity and can be read continuously. It comes from Yin, the late Shang capital near present-day Anyang in Henan, roughly the thirteenth to the eleventh century BCE, and it is written on two materials: the belly shell of a turtle and the shoulder blade of an ox.
它们不是书,是占卜的记录。占卜的人先在甲骨背面凿出一排小坑,用火烧灼,正面便裂出“卜”字形的纹路;纹路的样子被读作神灵的回答。问题——有时还有结果——就刻在裂纹旁边:今天会不会下雨,这一旬有没有灾祸,王该不该出兵,王后这一胎顺不顺。
它們不是書,是占卜的記錄。占卜的人先在甲骨背面鑿出一排小坑,用火燒灼,正面便裂出「卜」字形的紋路;紋路的樣子被讀作神靈的回答。問題——有時還有結果——就刻在裂紋旁邊:今天會不會下雨,這一旬有沒有災禍,王該不該出兵,王后這一胎順不順。
They are not books. They are divination records. The diviner hollowed a row of pits in the back of the shell or bone and applied heat until cracks opened on the front in the shape of the character 卜; the shape of the crack was read as the answer. The question — and sometimes the outcome — was then carved beside it: will it rain today, will the coming ten days bring harm, should the king send troops, will the queen's childbirth go well.
这就是为什么甲骨文里“日、月、雨、田、马、牛、疾、梦”这类字特别多,而抽象的词特别少:能被问的事,多半和天气、收成、战争、疾病、祖先有关。
這就是為什麼甲骨文裡「日、月、雨、田、馬、牛、疾、夢」這類字特別多,而抽象的詞特別少:能被問的事,多半和天氣、收成、戰爭、疾病、祖先有關。
That is why the corpus is so rich in 日, 月, 雨, 田, 馬, 牛, 疾, 夢 and so thin in abstractions: what could be asked about was mostly weather, harvest, war, illness and ancestors.
同一个字,不止一种写法同一個字,不止一種寫法One character, several hands
甲骨文不是一套定型的字体。同一个字,早期和晚期不同,这个刻手和那个刻手不同,左右还常常可以反着写。所以本站每个字都给出两三种异体,而不是一个“标准写法”——那样反而不真实。
甲骨文不是一套定型的字體。同一個字,早期和晚期不同,這個刻手和那個刻手不同,左右還常常可以反著寫。所以本站每個字都給出兩三種異體,而不是一個「標準寫法」——那樣反而不真實。
Oracle-bone script is not a settled typeface. The same character differs between early and late periods, between one carver and the next, and is often mirrored left to right without changing its meaning. That is why every character here shows two or three attested variants rather than one “standard” shape: a single shape would be the less honest picture.
字形从哪里来字形從哪裡來Where these forms come from
本站与应用里的每一个甲骨文字形,都先在中央研究院的小學堂甲骨文資料庫里找到一片具体的甲骨,再照着那一形重新画出来。小學堂按《甲骨文編》的字头收录每个字的全部已知写法,并对每一形注明:
本站與應用程式裡的每一個甲骨文字形,都先在中央研究院的小學堂甲骨文資料庫裡找到一片具體的甲骨,再照著那一形重新畫出來。小學堂按《甲骨文編》的字頭收錄每個字的全部已知寫法,並對每一形註明:
Every oracle-bone form on this site and in the app was first located in Academia Sinica's 小學堂 oracle-bone database, and then drawn again after that one form. 小學堂 collects the attested shapes of each character under its 《甲骨文編》 headword, and records for each shape:
| 舊著錄 | 这一片最早发表在哪部拓片集的第几版,例如 鐵110.1 是《鐵雲藏龜》第 110 版第 1 条。這一片最早發表在哪部拓片集的第幾版,例如 鐵110.1 是《鐵雲藏龜》第 110 版第 1 條。where the rubbing was first published, e.g. 鐵110.1 is plate 110, item 1 of 《鐵雲藏龜》. |
|---|---|
| 合集 | 它在《甲骨文合集》里的编号,例如 合13312。这是今天引用甲骨最通用的号。它在《甲骨文合集》裡的編號,例如 合13312。這是今天引用甲骨最通用的號。its number in 《甲骨文合集》, e.g. 合13312 — the reference most commonly cited today. |
| 類組 | 刻手集团,例如 賓組、無名組、黃組。它大致等于断代:知道类组,就知道这一形属于商代哪一段。刻手集團,例如 賓組、無名組、黃組。它大致等於斷代:知道類組,就知道這一形屬於商代哪一段。the diviner group — 賓組, 無名組, 黃組 and so on — which dates the form to a stretch of the Shang. |
| 字號 | 《甲骨文編》里的字头编号,加上这一形在该字头下的序号。《甲骨文編》裡的字頭編號,加上這一形在該字頭下的序號。the 《甲骨文編》 headword number, plus the form's index under that headword. |
这四项原封不动地记在每个字的出处里。比如“昃”的第一种写法,注的是《甲骨文編》字號 809 的第 07 形,舊著錄 鐵110.1,合13312,賓組——也就是说,这幅画不是凭印象画的,它对应着一片真实存在、可以被别人翻出来核对的甲骨。
這四項原封不動地記在每個字的出處裡。比如「昃」的第一種寫法,註的是《甲骨文編》字號 809 的第 07 形,舊著錄 鐵110.1,合13312,賓組——也就是說,這幅畫不是憑印象畫的,它對應著一片真實存在、可以被別人翻出來核對的甲骨。
All four are carried through unchanged into each character's sources. The first variant of 昃, for instance, cites 《甲骨文編》 headword 809, form 07, first published as 鐵110.1, 合13312, 賓組 group — which is to say the drawing is not from memory: it answers to a real piece that anyone can look up and check.
看看“昃”这一页看看「昃」這一頁See that on the page for 昃
画的是我们,不是拓片。 本站的字形全部是按上述某一形重新绘制的原创示意图(CC BY 4.0),笔画经过整理,好让它能被手指描摹、被拆成碎片、被做成动画。它们不是拓片的复制品,也不应被当作拓片引用。要看原形,请查小學堂或《甲骨文合集》。
畫的是我們,不是拓片。 本站的字形全部是按上述某一形重新繪製的原創示意圖(CC BY 4.0),筆畫經過整理,好讓它能被手指描摹、被拆成碎片、被做成動畫。它們不是拓片的複製品,也不應被當作拓片引用。要看原形,請查小學堂或《甲骨文合集》。
The drawings are ours, not the rubbings. Every form here is an original schematic illustration (CC BY 4.0) made after one of those attested forms, with the strokes regularised so that a finger can trace it, a puzzle can cut it and an animation can morph it. They are not reproductions of rubbings and should not be cited as such. For the originals, go to 小學堂 or 《甲骨文合集》.
三个可信度标记怎么读三個可信度標記怎麼讀How to read the three badges
认出一个甲骨文字对应今天的哪个汉字,和说清它当初画的是什么,是两件难度完全不同的事。前者常有定论,后者常常没有。所以每个字都带一个标记,而且这个标记评的是那幅画——字形画的是什么东西——不是围绕它的故事。
認出一個甲骨文字對應今天的哪個漢字,和說清它當初畫的是什麼,是兩件難度完全不同的事。前者常有定論,後者常常沒有。所以每個字都帶一個標記,而且這個標記評的是那幅畫——字形畫的是什麼東西——不是圍繞它的故事。
Knowing which modern character an oracle-bone sign became, and knowing what it originally drew, are two different problems. The first is usually settled; the second often is not. So every character carries a badge — and the badge grades the picture, what the shape depicts, not the story told around it.
- 广泛接受廣泛接受Widely accepted 字形画的是什么,以及它变成今天哪个字,学界没有实质争论。日画太阳,山画山峰。字形畫的是什麼,以及它變成今天哪個字,學界沒有實質爭論。日畫太陽,山畫山峰。What the shape draws, and which modern character it became, are not in real dispute. 日 draws the sun; 山 draws peaks.
- 较可能的解释較可能的解釋Probable 有一种解释明显占上风,但不是唯一的说法,也没有决定性证据。我们采用它,并说明它只是较可能。有一種解釋明顯佔上風,但不是唯一的說法,也沒有決定性證據。我們採用它,並說明它只是較可能。One reading clearly leads, but it is not the only one and the evidence is not decisive. We follow it and say that it is only probable.
- 学界有争议學界有爭議Scholarly debate 几种解释各有分量,谁也没能说服谁。这类字的解说把主要的几种说法都列出来,不替读者挑一个。帝、王、龙、老都在其中。幾種解釋各有分量,誰也沒能說服誰。這類字的解說把主要的幾種說法都列出來,不替讀者挑一個。帝、王、龍、老都在其中。Several readings carry weight and none has won. For these the explanation names the competing readings instead of choosing for you. 帝, 王, 龍 and 老 are among them.
现在这 300 个字的分布是:
現在這 300 個字的分布是:
Across the 300 characters the split is:
| 广泛接受廣泛接受Widely accepted | 222 | 74% |
|---|---|---|
| 较可能的解释較可能的解釋Probable interpretation | 64 | 21% |
| 学界有争议學界有爭議Scholarly debate | 14 | 5% |
789 种甲骨文写法中,787 种注明了所依据的那一形;其余的字未见于小學堂甲骨文資料庫。789 種甲骨文寫法中,787 種註明了所依據的那一形;其餘的字未見於小學堂甲骨文資料庫。Of 789 oracle-bone variants, 787 name the attested form they follow; the rest belong to characters that are not in the 小學堂 database.
有一条规矩我们不破:标记只能往下调,不能往上调。把“有争议”改成“广泛接受”永远不允许;反过来下调,则必须在解说里写清楚是哪几种相竞的读法把它拉下来的。
有一條規矩我們不破:標記只能往下調,不能往上調。把「有爭議」改成「廣泛接受」永遠不允許;反過來下調,則必須在解說裡寫清楚是哪幾種相競的讀法把它拉下來的。
One rule we do not bend: a badge may be lowered, never raised. Turning “debated” into “widely accepted” is not allowed at all, and lowering one requires naming, in the explanation, the competing readings that pulled it down.
还有一类情况:小學堂里根本查不到这个字(“果”就是一例)。这时它没有《甲骨文合集》编号,也不能标为“广泛接受”,页面上会直接说明。
還有一類情況:小學堂裡根本查不到這個字(「果」就是一例)。這時它沒有《甲骨文合集》編號,也不能標為「廣泛接受」,頁面上會直接說明。
There is also a third case: the character is simply not in the 小學堂 database — 果 is one. Then it has no 《甲骨文合集》 number, it cannot be graded “widely accepted”, and the page says so.
从甲骨文走到今天從甲骨文走到今天From the bone to the character you write
每个字都配一条演变链:甲骨文 → 金文 → 小篆 → 隶书 → 楷书。前三段也各有出处——金文形取自小學堂金文資料庫,注明器名、时代和《殷周金文集成》编号;小篆形取自《说文解字》,并附许慎的原话。后两段直接用今天的字形。
每個字都配一條演變鏈:甲骨文 → 金文 → 小篆 → 隸書 → 楷書。前三段也各有出處——金文形取自小學堂金文資料庫,註明器名、時代和《殷周金文集成》編號;小篆形取自《說文解字》,並附許慎的原話。後兩段直接用今天的字形。
Every character comes with a chain: oracle bone → bronze → seal → clerical → modern. The first three stages are sourced too — the bronze form from 小學堂's bronze database, with the vessel's name, its period and its 《殷周金文集成》 number; the seal form from 《說文解字》, quoting 許慎's own gloss. The last two are simply the character as written today.
这条链是整个项目的出发点:学会“日”不该从“日 = 太阳”开始,而该从一个太阳开始,最后落到“日”。
這條鏈是整個專案的出發點:學會「日」不該從「日 = 太陽」開始,而該從一個太陽開始,最後落到「日」。
That chain is the whole point of the project: learning 日 should not begin at “日 = sun”. It should begin at a sun and end at 日.
我们不声称的事我們不聲稱的事What we do not claim
- 本站不是学术数据库,也不替代小學堂、《甲骨文合集》或任何一部字典。它是一条进门的路,每一步都注明出处,方便你自己走下去。本站不是學術資料庫,也不替代小學堂、《甲骨文合集》或任何一部字典。它是一條進門的路,每一步都註明出處,方便你自己走下去。This is not a scholarly database and does not replace 小學堂, 《甲骨文合集》 or any dictionary. It is a way in, with its sources named at every step so that you can keep going on your own.
- 字形是示意画,不是拓片;释读采自已发表的研究,并注明可信度,不是我们自己的新说。字形是示意畫,不是拓片;釋讀採自已發表的研究,並註明可信度,不是我們自己的新說。The drawings are schematic, not rubbings; the readings are taken from published scholarship and graded, not invented here.
- 应用里的识别功能只认这 300 个字,而且是用我们自己的字形图训练出来的。它对印刷体和屏幕上的字形最灵,真实拓片和器物照片会难得多——它给的永远是几个带把握程度的候选,不是答案。應用程式裡的辨識功能只認這 300 個字,而且是用我們自己的字形圖訓練出來的。它對印刷體和螢幕上的字形最靈,真實拓片和器物照片會難得多——它給的永遠是幾個帶把握程度的候選,不是答案。The app's recogniser knows only these 300 characters and was trained on our own drawings. It is best on printed and on-screen forms and much weaker on real rubbings and photographs of objects — it always offers ranked candidates with a confidence, never an answer.